Il faut is one of the most common and useful constructions in French: it’s an impersonal verb that expresses necessity. This lesson covers all three ways to use it: with a noun, with an infinitive, and with the subjunctive.

French demonstrative pronouns (celui, celle, ceux, celles) replace nouns to mean “this one” or “that one.” This lesson covers all four forms, how to attach -ci and -là, how to use them with relative clauses, and the indefinite forms ceci, cela, and ça.

French relative pronouns (qui, que, dont, and où) link dependent clauses to the nouns they describe. This lesson explains the logic behind each one and how to choose the right pronoun based on the grammatical role of the head noun.